Unix and AIX Commands for Basis and Oracle DBA consultant
This quick reference lists commands, including a syntax diagram and brief description. […] indicates an optional part of the command. For more detail, use: man command
These command are more then enough for Oracle DBA and SAP BASIS Consultant. If you can remember these commands then no need to refer any fat fat books of Unix and AIX.
1. Files
1.1. Filename Substitution
Wild Cards ? *
Character Class (c is any single character) [c…]
Range [c-c]
Home Directory ~
Home Directory of Another User ~user
List Files in Current Directory ls [-l]
List Hidden Files ls -[l]a
1.2. File ManipulationDisplay File Contents cat filename
Copy cp source destination
Move (Rename) mv oldname newname
Remove (Delete) rm filename
Create or Modify file pico filename
1.3. File Properties
Seeing Permissions ls -l filename
Changing Permissions chmod nnn filename
Setting Default Permissions umask ugo
ugo is a (3-digit) number. Each digit restricts the default
permissions for the user, group, and others, respectively.
Changing Modification Time touch filename
Making Links ln [-s] oldname newname
Seeing File Types ls -F
1.4. Displaying a File with less
Run less less filename
Next line RETURN
Next Page SPACE
Previous line k
Previous Page b
1.5. Directories
Change Directory cd directory
Make New Directory mkdir directory
Remove Directory rmdir directory
Print Working (Show Current) Directory pwd
2. Commands
2.1. Command-line Special CharactersQuotes and EscapeJoin Words "…"
Suppress Filename, Variable Substitution '…'
Escape Character \
Separation, Continuation
Command Separation ;Command-Line Continuation (at end of line) \
2.2. I/O Redirection and Pipes
Standard Output >
(overwrite if exists) >!
Appending to Standard Output >>
Standard Input <
Standard Error and Output >&
Filters
Word/Line Count wc [-l]
Last n Lines tail [-n]
Sort lines sort [-n]
Multicolumn Output pr -t
List Spelling Errors ispell
2.3. Searching with grep
grep Command grep "pattern" filename
command | grep "pattern"
Search Patterns
beginning of line ^
end of line $
any single character .
single character in list or range […]
character not in list or range [^…]
zero or more of preceding char. or pattern *
zero or more of any character .*
escapes special meaning \
3. C-Shell Features.
3.1 History Substitution
Repeat Previous Command !!
Commands Beginning with str !str
Commands Containing str !?str[?]
All Arguments to Prev. Command !*
Word Designators
All Arguments :*
Last Argument :$
First Argument :^
n'th Argument :n
4. Processes
Listing ps [-[ef]]Terminating kill [-9] PID
5. Users
Seeing Who is Logged In who
Seeing Your User Name whoami
6. Managing Files
6.1. Looking Up Files
Standard Commands whereis file
Aliases and Commands which commandDescribe Command whatis command
Searching Out Files find dir -name name -print dir is a directory name within which to search.
name is a filename to search for.
6.2. Finding Changes
Comparing Files diff leftfile rightfile diff prefixes a less-than (<) to selected lines from leftfile
and a greater-than (>) to lines from rightfile.
6.3. Managing Disk Usage
Check Quota quota -vSeeing Disk Usage df du -s6.5. Combining and Compressing Files
Create a tarfile tar cf file.tar file1 file2 … fileN
tar combines files but does not compress
Create a zipfile zip filename
Unzip a file unzip filename
Common UNIX Commands
These are the common UNIX commands Oracle DBAs would use. I have provided brief explanation of commands and examples. In UNIX, most commands have a lot of options available. For a complete list of options, see the UNIX online manual pages. All UNIX commands and file names are case sensitive. This page is to let you know the commands in UNIX, which might give you a start to learn more about the command using the manual pages or from UNIX books.
These command are more then enough for Oracle DBA and SAP BASIS Consultant. If you can remember these commands then no need to refer any fat fat books of Unix and AIX.
1. Files
1.1. Filename Substitution
Wild Cards ? *
Character Class (c is any single character) [c…]
Range [c-c]
Home Directory ~
Home Directory of Another User ~user
List Files in Current Directory ls [-l]
List Hidden Files ls -[l]a
1.2. File ManipulationDisplay File Contents cat filename
Copy cp source destination
Move (Rename) mv oldname newname
Remove (Delete) rm filename
Create or Modify file pico filename
1.3. File Properties
Seeing Permissions ls -l filename
Changing Permissions chmod nnn filename
Setting Default Permissions umask ugo
ugo is a (3-digit) number. Each digit restricts the default
permissions for the user, group, and others, respectively.
Changing Modification Time touch filename
Making Links ln [-s] oldname newname
Seeing File Types ls -F
1.4. Displaying a File with less
Run less less filename
Next line RETURN
Next Page SPACE
Previous line k
Previous Page b
1.5. Directories
Change Directory cd directory
Make New Directory mkdir directory
Remove Directory rmdir directory
Print Working (Show Current) Directory pwd
2. Commands
2.1. Command-line Special CharactersQuotes and EscapeJoin Words "…"
Suppress Filename, Variable Substitution '…'
Escape Character \
Separation, Continuation
Command Separation ;Command-Line Continuation (at end of line) \
2.2. I/O Redirection and Pipes
Standard Output >
(overwrite if exists) >!
Appending to Standard Output >>
Standard Input <
Standard Error and Output >&
Filters
Word/Line Count wc [-l]
Last n Lines tail [-n]
Sort lines sort [-n]
Multicolumn Output pr -t
List Spelling Errors ispell
2.3. Searching with grep
grep Command grep "pattern" filename
command | grep "pattern"
Search Patterns
beginning of line ^
end of line $
any single character .
single character in list or range […]
character not in list or range [^…]
zero or more of preceding char. or pattern *
zero or more of any character .*
escapes special meaning \
3. C-Shell Features.
3.1 History Substitution
Repeat Previous Command !!
Commands Beginning with str !str
Commands Containing str !?str[?]
All Arguments to Prev. Command !*
Word Designators
All Arguments :*
Last Argument :$
First Argument :^
n'th Argument :n
4. Processes
Listing ps [-[ef]]Terminating kill [-9] PID
5. Users
Seeing Who is Logged In who
Seeing Your User Name whoami
6. Managing Files
6.1. Looking Up Files
Standard Commands whereis file
Aliases and Commands which commandDescribe Command whatis command
Searching Out Files find dir -name name -print dir is a directory name within which to search.
name is a filename to search for.
6.2. Finding Changes
Comparing Files diff leftfile rightfile diff prefixes a less-than (<) to selected lines from leftfile
and a greater-than (>) to lines from rightfile.
6.3. Managing Disk Usage
Check Quota quota -vSeeing Disk Usage df du -s6.5. Combining and Compressing Files
Create a tarfile tar cf file.tar file1 file2 … fileN
tar combines files but does not compress
Create a zipfile zip filename
Unzip a file unzip filename
Common UNIX Commands
These are the common UNIX commands Oracle DBAs would use. I have provided brief explanation of commands and examples. In UNIX, most commands have a lot of options available. For a complete list of options, see the UNIX online manual pages. All UNIX commands and file names are case sensitive. This page is to let you know the commands in UNIX, which might give you a start to learn more about the command using the manual pages or from UNIX books.
| man | man command | Manual Pages - Help with any UNIX command |
| man ps | Help on the UNIX ps command | |
| clear | clear | To clear the screen |
| pwd | pwd | Present / Current Working Directory |
| cd | cd [directoryname] | Change directory, without argument will change your working directory to your home directory. |
| cd work | Change working directory to "work" | |
| cd .. | Change working directory to parent directory (.. is parent and . is current directory) |
| ls | ls [-options] [names] | List files. [names] if omitted, will list all files and subdirectories in the directory. Wild cards can be specified. |
| ls -l | List files with date and permissions-rw-rw-r-- 1 oracle dba 706 Sep 23 17:26 storparms.sql -rwxrwx--- 1 oracle dba 377 Aug 28 15:00 sysdelstat.sql drwxrwxr-- 2 oracle dba 2048 Oct 22 16:12 work
[column1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]Column1 - Permissions of the file or directory; r-read, w-write, x-execute Position 1 indicates if it is a directory Positions 2-4 is the permission for owner Positions 5-7 is the permission for group Positions 8-10 is the permission for others Column2 - Owner of the file/directory Column3 - Group which the owner belogs to Column4 - Size of the file in bytes Column5 - Last Modified Date Column6 - Last Modified Time Column7 - Name of the file/directory | |
| ls -al | List files with date and permissions including hidden files | |
| ls -lt | List files with date, sorted in the date modified | |
| ls -ltr bt* | List files with date, sorted in the date modified, oldest first, with filenames starting with bt |
| Wildcards | * | Any character, any number of positions |
| ? | Any character, one position | |
| [] | A set of characters which match a single character position. | |
| - | To specify a range within [] | |
| ls *x* | List all files which contains an x in any position of the name. | |
| ls x* | List all files which start with x | |
| ls *T0[1-3]ZZ | List all files which contain T0 followed by 1,2 or 3 followed by ZZ. The following files match this condition:
| |
| ls job?.sql | List files which start with job followed by any single character followed by .sqlExample: jobd.sql jobr.sql | |
| ls alert*.???[0-1,9] |
| |
| touch - | touch filename | Create a 0 byte file or to change the timestamp of file to current time (wild cards as above can be used with the file names) |
| mkdir | mkdir directoryname | Create Directory |
| mkdir -p directorypath | Create directory down many levels in single passmkdir -p /home/biju/work/yday/tday |
| rmdir | rmdir directoryname | Remove directory |
| rm | rm filename | Remove file |
| rm -rf directoryname | Remove directory with files. Important - There is no way to undelete a file or directory in UNIX. So be careful in deleting files and directories. It is always good to have rm -i filename for deletes | |
| cp | cp filename newfilename | Copy a file |
| cp -r * newloc | To copy all files and subdirectories to a new location, use -r, the recursive flag. | |
| mv | mv filename newfilename | Rename (Move) a file. Rename filename to newfilename. |
| mv filename directoryname | Move filename under directoryname with the same file name. | |
| mv filename directoryname/newfilename | Move filename to directoryname as newfilename. | |
| mv * destination | If you use a wildcard in the filename, mv catenates all files to one sigle file, unless the destination is a directory. | |
| Use the -i flag with rm, mv and cp to confirm before destroying a file. | |
| file | file filename | To see what kind of file, whether editable. Executable files are binary and you should not open them. |
| file d* | dbshut: ascii text dbsnmp: PA-RISC1.1 shared executable dynamically linked -not stripped dbstart: ascii text dbv: PA-RISC1.1 shared executable dynamically linked -not stripped demobld: commands text demodrop: commands text | |
| vi | vi filename | Edit a text file. Vi is a very powerful and "difficult to understand" editor. But once you start using, you'll love it! All you want to know about vi are here. More vi tricks later!! |
| cat | cat filename | See contents of a text file. cat (catenate) will list the whole file contents. Cat is mostly used to catenate two or more files to one file using the redirection operator. |
| cat file1 file2 file3 > files | Catenate the contents of file1, file2 and file3 to a single file called files. If you do not use the redirection, the result will be shown on the standard output, i.e., screen. |
|
| Show the contents of the file, one page at a time. In more/page, use space to see next page and ENTER to see next line. If you wish to edit the file (using vi), press v; to quit press q. |
| tail | tail -n filename | To see the specified number of lines from the end of the file. |
| head | head -n filename | To see the specified number of lines from the top of the file |
| env | env | To see value of all environment variables. |
| To set an environment variable: | In ksh or sh "export VARIABLENAME=value", Note there is no space between =. In csh "setenv VARIABLENAME value" | |
| echo $VARIABLENAME | See value of an environment variable | |
| echo | echo string | To print the string to standard output |
| echo "Oracle SID is $ORACLE_SID" | Will display "Oracle SID is ORCL" if the value of ORACLE_SID is ORCL. | |
| lp | lp filename | To print a file to system default printer. |
| chmod | chmod permission filename | Change the permissions on a file - As explained under ls -l, the permissions are read, write, execute for owner, group and others. |
| You can change permissions by using numbers or the characters r,w,x. Basically, you arrive at numbers using the binary format.Examples: rwx = 111 = 7 rw_ = 110 = 6 r__ = 100 = 4 r_x = 101 = 5 | ||
| chmod +rwx filenamechmod 777 filename | Give all permissions to everyone on filename | |
| chmod u+rwx,g+rx,o-rwx filenamechmod 750 filename | Read, write, execute for owner, read and execute for group and no permission for others | |
| chown | chown newuser filename | Change owner of a file |
| chgrp | chgrp newgroup filename | Change group of a file |
| chown newuser:newgroup filename | Change owner and group of file | |
| compress | compress filename | Compress a file - compressed files have extention .Z. To compress file you need to have enough space to hold the temporary file. |
| uncompress | uncompress filename | Uncompress a file |
| df | df [options] [moutpoint] | Freespace available on the system (Disk Free); without arguments will list all the mount points. |
| df -k /ora0 | Freespace available on /ora0 in Kilobytes. On HP-UX, you can use "bdf /ora0". | |
| df -k . | If you're not sure of the mount point name, go to the directory where you want to see the freespace and issue this command, where "." indicates current directory. | |
| du | du [-s] [directoryname] | Disk used; gives operating system blocks used by each subdirectory. To convert to KB, for 512K OS blocks, divide the number by 2. |
| du -s | gives the summary, no listing for subdirectories | |
| find | Find files. | find is a very useful command, searches recursively through the directory tree looking for files that match a logical expression. It has may options and is very powerful. |
| find /ora0/admin -name "*log" -print | Simple use of find - to list all files whose name end in log under /ora0/admin and its subdirectories | |
| find . -name "*log" -print -exec rm {} \; | to delete files whose name end in log. If you do not use the "-print" flag, the file names will not be listed on the screen. |
| grep | Global regular expression print | to search for an expression in a file or group of files. grep has two flavours egrep (extented - expands wild card characters in the expression) and frep (fixed-string - does not expand wild card characters). This is a very useful command, especially to use in scripts. |
| grep oracle /etc/passwd | to display the lines containing "oracle" from /etc/passwd file. | |
| grep -i -l EMP_TAB *.sql | to display only the file names (-l option) which contains the string EMP_TAB, ignore case for the string (-i option), in all files with sql extention. | |
| grep -v '^#' /etc/oratab | display only the lines in /etc/oratab where the lines do not (-v option; negation) start with # character (^ is a special character indicating beginning of line, similarly $ is end of line). | |
| ftp | ftp [hostname] | File Transfer Protocol - to copy file from one computer to another |
| ftp AAAd01hp | invoke ftp, connect to server AAAd01hp. | |
| Connected to AAAd01hp.com. 220 AAAd01hp.com FTP server (Version 1.1.214.2 Mon May 11 12:21:14 GMT 1998) ready. Name (AAAd01hp:oracle):BIJU | program prompts for user name, enter the login name to AAAd01hp. | |
| 331 Password required for BIJU. Password: | enter password - will not be echoed. | |
| 230 User BIJU logged in. Remote system type is UNIX. Using binary mode to transfer files. ftp> ascii | Specifying to use ASCII mode to transfer files. This is used to transfer text files. | |
| 200 Type set to A. ftp> binary | Specifying to use binary mode to transfer files. This is used for program and your export dump files. | |
| 200 Type set to I. ftp> ls | To see the files in the remote computer. | |
| 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /usr/bin/ls. total 8 -rw-rw-rw- 1 b2t dba 43 Sep 22 16:01 afiedt.buf drwxrwxrwx 2 b2t dba 96 Jul 9 08:47 app drwxrwxrwx 2 b2t dba 96 Jul 9 08:49 bin -rw-rw-rw- 1 b2t dba 187 Jul 30 14:44 check.sql 226 Transfer complete. ftp> get check.sql | transfer the file check.sql from the remote computer to the local computer. The file will be copied to the present directory with the same name. You can optionally specify a new name and directory location. | |
| 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for check.sql (187 bytes). 226 Transfer complete. 187 bytes received in 0.02 seconds (7.79 Kbytes/s) ftp> !ls | ! runs commands on the local machine. | |
| AAAP02SN a4m08.txt tom3.txt a4m01.txt ftp> put a4m01.txt/tmp/test.txt | transfer file from local machine to remote machine, under /tmp directory with name test.txt. |
| mail "xyz@abc.com" < message.log | Mail a file to internet/intranet address. mail the contents of message.log file to xyz@abc.com | |
| mail -s "Messages from Me" "xyz@abc.com" "abc@xyz.com" < message.log | mail the contents of message.log to xyz and abc with a subject. | |
| who | who [options] | to see who is logged in to the computer. |
| who -T | Shows the IP address of each connection | |
| who -r | Shows when the computer was last rebooted, run-level. | |
| ps | ps | process status - to list the process id, parent process, status etc. ps without any arguments will list current sessions processes. |
| ps -f | ull listing of my processes, with time, terminal id, parent id, etc. | |
| ps -ef | as above for all the processes on the server. | |
| kill | kill [-flag] processid | to kill a process - process id is obtained from the ps command or using the v$process table in oracle. |
| kill 12345 | Kill the process with id 12345 | |
| kill -9 12345 | To force termination of process id 12345 | |
| script | script logfilename | to record all your commands and output to a file. Mostly useful if you want to log what you did, and sent to customer support for them to debug. start logging to the logfilename. The logging is stopped when you do "exit". |
| hostname | hostname | displays the name of the computer. |
| uname | uname -a | to see the name of the computer along with Operating system version and license info. |
| date | date | displays the current date and time. |
| date "+%m%d%Y" | displays date in MM/DD/YYYY format |
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